Wednesday, December 5, 2007

Article #7

Due Friday Dec. 7


PLEASE WRITE A SHORT ONE PARAGRAPH SUMMARY:






Gordon S. Black is Chairman and CEO of Harris Black International, Ltd., where George Terhanian is Director of Internet Research.


This article appeared in the Oct. 26, 1998, edition of The Polling Report.




Using the Internet for

Election Forecasting


by Gordon S. Black and George Terhanian



For more than 20 years, election polling in the United States and many other countries has been conducted by telephone. And why not? Telephone polls, on the whole, have proved to be remarkably accurate predictors of voter behavior -- the gold standard of all polling research. Telephone polls are also far less expensive to conduct than door-to-door interviews, the method they have largely replaced.


Although telephone polls possess many virtues, they are not without their imperfections -- ones we do not like to mention too often or too loudly to our clients. For instance, refusal rates today routinely exceed 40% of all households. Unreachable respondents (due to traveling, working, answering machines, the absence of telephones in college dorms, etc.) can regularly run another 30% of the sample. The cost of telephone research can also be prohibitive -- making it virtually impossible for one survey firm to cover every statewide race during an election year, not to mention congressional races.


A 16-State Test Drive

We at Harris Black International believe, however, that the strengths of the Internet as a platform for conducting research more than compensate for the documented limitations of the telephone, as well as the purported limitations of the Internet. This is one major reason why we are now testing a new methodology of forecasting statewide elections via the Internet.


Using an Internet database of more than one million cooperative respondents nationwide, we are inviting individuals from 16 states to complete three polls. The first is under way as this is being written, the week of Oct. 18. The second will be completed on the Sunday before the election. The third will be an exit poll, the day of the election.


This effort is a combined venture with Excite, Inc., one of the most popular Internet portals, and the political science faculty at the University of Rochester. Excite is driving Internet traffic to our web site, where respondents are invited to register to participate in the Harris Poll Online(sm) at www.harrispollonline.com. Excite will also display the results, as they become available.


The political science team from the University of Rochester, led by Dr. Richard Niemi, will receive the entire database after the experiment is complete. They will be able to use it for scientific evaluation and publication.


Accurate Election Forecasts

Conducting research on the Internet is by no means a simple or simple-minded exercise. In the past six months, for example, we have had to overcome a variety of complex problems, including software breakdowns and bugs, security problems, hardware failures, and so forth. We feel a little like Chilton must have felt when they introduced the first computerized telephone interviewing system back in the 1970s.


Our experience has convinced us, however, that properly weighted findings from Internet studies compare favorably to findings from telephone research. Nevertheless, we realize the validity of any polling method hinges on its ability to reliably and accurately forecast voter behavior.


We also realize that many of our colleagues in the polling community are rightfully skeptical of our efforts. To do what we are doing we have had to set aside the staple of our industry -- the simple random sample. Virtually every social scientist in America was educated on the power of random sampling.


Random sampling is a very powerful tool in every avenue of science and industry for increasing the accuracy of estimates while decreasing the cost of the process. It has been canonized by academics, and it is the standard by which we judge research in most scientific fields. To describe something as a "convenience sample" is to assign the research to the bottom of the ladder of scientific quality and value.


We are not challenging the validity of random sampling. In fact, we employ random sampling daily in our telephone polling and believe that it is a wonderful statistical tool for those applications for which it is designed. We are instead investigating whether findings from huge samples of Internet respondents, coupled with sophisticated weighting processes, are as accurate as anything done on the telephone or door-to-door.


We have decided to mount this investigation in public for myriad reasons, including our desire to advance the collective understanding of our colleagues in the polling and scientific communities who, at times, tend to dismiss this methodology without any empirical evidence.


Campaign 2000

We are also preparing for the future. In the year 2000 election, the first presidential election of the new millennium, we will possess a database of millions of cooperative respondents, and we plan to use that database to cover the entire campaign, from the primaries to the general election, beginning in January. Our coverage will include the presidency, state offices, the U.S. Senate, and all congressional districts for which we have adequate data. On election day 2000, we will conduct the largest -- by a factor of 15 -- "exit poll" ever conducted.


In a classic example of the impact of scientific advancement, we expect to improve the performance while dropping the prices. That is the vision that motivates this experiment in polling.